Essay about The History of Computers. Words6 Pages. The first ever computer was invented in the s by Charlse Babbage. However the first electronic digital computer were developed between and in the United States and in the United Kingdom. They were gigantic, originally the size of a large room, and also need to be supply a large amount of power source which is equivalent as several hundred modern personal computers Modern Computer Technology With the invention of computers, our life really has become much easier. Today devices are everywhere with us: at home, in the office, in educational institutions. Computers opened up a world of new opportunities before Computers Computers are one of the most remarkable inventions of all time. In the start, computers were very basic and lacked all the complexities and functionalities that a modern computer is capable of performing. They were originally created around the mid of
Essay on Computer: 8 Selected Essays on Computer
Only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such devices changed the way we manage, work, and live. A machine that has done all this and more now exists in nearly every business in the United States. This incredible invention that I use all day, invention of computer essay, 5 days of a week is the computer.
I have been using a computer for well over seven years and it has changed how I communicate and the business processes that I have worked with, invention of computer essay. The history of the computer has had such a powerful affect on the world but more important the United States. The computer has been around for invention of computer essay a half-century, but its ancestors have been around for years. First I will talk about the first computers and how they changed our lives, then todays computers.
These date back to almost years ago Dolotta, It is simply a wooden rack holding parallel wires on which beads are strung. When these beads are moved along the wire according to programming rules that the user must memorize. All ordinary arithmetic operations can be performed on the abacus. This was one of the first management tools used. I think the reason an Abacus was made was to increase efficiencies in calculations. The next innovation in computers took place in when Blaise Pascal invented the first digital calculating machine.
It could only add numbers and they had to be entered by turning dials. Again the need to increase calculations to help speed up the efficiency of the tax collector.
In the early s, a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage designed an automatic calculation machine Dolotta, It was steam powered and could store up to digit numbers. Built in to his machine were operations that included everything a modern general-purpose computer would need. It was programmed by and stored data on cards with holes punched in them, appropriately called punch cards.
This machine was extremely useful to managers that delt with large volumes of good. The only problem was that there was only one of these machines built, thus making it difficult for all managers to use Beer, I believe this example shows that business process and the need to speed processes up helped increase the need for computers. After Babbage, people began to lose interest in computers. However, between and there were great advances in mathematics and physics that began to rekindle the interest.
Many of these new advances involved complex calculations and formulas that were very time invention of computer essay for human calculation.
Just like in my job, saving time is saving money, invention of computer essay. The first major use for a computer in the U. was during the census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human Dolotta, Since the population of the U. was increasing so fast, the computer was an essential tool for managers in tabulating the totals Hazewindus, These advantages were noted by commercial industries and soon led to the development of improved punch-card business-machine systems by International Business Machines, Remington-Rand, Burroughs, and other corporations Chposky, invention of computer essay, By modern standards the punched-card machines were slow, typically processing from 50 to cards per minute, with each card holding up to 80 digits.
At the time, however, punched cards were an enormous step forward; they provided a means of input, output, and memory storage on a massive scale. As I explained before, invention of computer essay, once speed has increased business processes have to keep up. By the late s punched-card machine techniques had become so well established and reliable that Howard Hathaway Aiken, in collaboration with engineers at IBM, undertook construction of a large automatic digital computer based on standard IBM electromechanical parts Chposky, Also, it had special built-in programs to handled logarithms and trigonometric functions.
The Mark I was controlled from prepunched paper tape. Output was by card punch and electric typewriter. It was slow, requiring 3 to 5 seconds for a multiplication, but it was fully automatic and could complete long computations without human intervention.
The outbreak of World War II produced a desperate need for computing capability, especially for the military Dolotta, New weapons systems were produced which needed trajectory tables and other essential data. InJohn P. Eckert, John W. Mauchley, and their associates at the University of Pennsylvania decided to build a high-speed electronic computer to do the job.
This machine became known as ENIAC, for Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator Chposky, It could multiply two numbers at the rate of products per second, by finding the value of each product from a multiplication table stored in its memory.
ENIAC was thus about 1, times faster than the previous generation of computers. ENIAC used 18, standard vacuum tubes, occupied square feet of floor space, and used aboutinvention of computer essay, watts of electricity.
It used punched-card input and output, invention of computer essay. The ENIAC was very difficult to program because one had to essentially re-wire it to perform whatever task he wanted the computer to do. It was efficient in handling the particular programs for which it had been designed. ENIAC is generally accepted as the first successful high-speed electronic digital computer and was used in many applications from to However, the ENIAC was not accessible to managers of businesses Beer, This invention of computer essay just another reference I have found, how the computer was used for changing our history.
Invention of computer essay John Von Neumann was very interested in the ENIAC. In he undertook a theoretical study of computation that demonstrated that a computer could have a very simple and yet be able to execute any kind of computation effectively by means of proper programmed control without the need for any changes in hardware.
Von Neumann came up with incredible ideas for methods of building and organizing practical, fast computers. These ideas, which came to be referred to as the stored-program technique, became fundamental for future generations of high-speed digital computers and were universally adopted Dolotta, I believe this is the start for what we would call the Desktop PC.
The first wave of modern programmed electronic computers to take advantage of these improvements appeared in This group included computers using random access memory, RAM, which is a memory designed to give almost constant access to any particular piece of information Dolotta, These machines had punched-card or punched-tape input and output devices and RAMs of word capacity. Physically, they were much more compact than ENIAC: some were about the size of a grand piano and required small electron tubes.
This was quite an improvement over the earlier machines. First it was speed, then processes now size, this will lead us into the modern computer, invention of computer essay.
Typically, they were programmed directly in machine language, although by the mids progress had been made in several aspects of advanced programming, invention of computer essay. This group of machines included EDVAC and UNIVAC, the first commercially available invention of computer essay. With this invention, managers had even more power to perform calculations for such things as statistical demographic data Beer, Before this time, it was very rare for a manager of a larger business to have the means to process large numbers in so little time.
The UNIVAC was developed by John W. Mauchley and John Eckert, Jr. During the development of the UNIVAC, they began to run short on funds and sold their company to the larger Invention of computer essay Corporation.
Eventually they built a working UNIVAC computer. It was delivered to the U. Census Bureau in where it was used to help tabulate the U. population Hazewindus, Once again the value of the computer helping achieve higher efficiencies and speed for better business processes. InRobert Noyce, a physicist at the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, invented the integrated circuit, a tiny chip of silicon that contained an entire electronic circuit.
Gone was the bulky, unreliable, invention of computer essay, but fast machine; now computers began to become more compact, more reliable and have more capacity. These new technical discoveries rapidly found their way into invention of computer essay models of digital computers.
These machines were very expensive to purchase or to rent and were especially expensive to operate because of the cost of hiring programmers to perform the complex operations the computers ran. Such computers were typically found in large computer centers operated by industry, government, and private laboratories staffed with many programmers and support personnel. In the s efforts to design and develop the fastest possible computers with the greatest capacity reached a turning point with the completion of the LARC machine for Livermore Radiation Laboratories by the Sperry-Rand Corporation, and the Stretch computer invention of computer essay IBM.
The LARC had a core memory of 98, words and multiplied in 10 microseconds. During this time the major computer manufacturers began to offer a range invention of computer essay computer capabilities, invention of computer essay, as well as various computer-related equipment Jacobs, These included input means such as consoles and card feeders; output means such as page printers, cathode-ray-tube displays, and graphing devices; and optional magnetic-tape and magnetic-disk file storage.
These found wide use in management for such applications as accounting, invention of computer essay, payroll, inventory control, ordering supplies, and billing. Central processing units for such purposes did not need to be very fast arithmetically and were primarily used to access large amounts of records on file.
The greatest number of computer systems were delivered for the larger applications, such as in hospitals for keeping track of patient records, invention of computer essay, medications, and treatments given.
They were also used in automated library systems and in database systems such as the Chemical Abstracts system, where computer records now on file cover nearly all known chemical compounds Dolotta, The trend during the s was, to some extent, away from extremely powerful, centralized computational centers and toward a broader range of applications for less-costly computer systems Jacobs, Most continuous-process manufacturing, such as petroleum refining invention of computer essay electrical-power distribution systems, began using computers of relatively modest capability for controlling and regulating their activities.
In the s the programming of applications problems was an obstacle to the self-sufficiency of moderate-sized on-site computer installations, but great advances invention of computer essay applications programming languages removed these obstacles. Applications languages became available for controlling a great range of manufacturing processes, for computer operation of machine tools, invention of computer essay, and for many other tasks.
In Marcian E. Hoff, invention of computer essay, Jr.
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Modern Computer Technology With the invention of computers, our life really has become much easier. Today devices are everywhere with us: at home, in the office, in educational institutions. Computers opened up a world of new opportunities before Computer Inventions Essay. Words 4 Pages. Show More. Inventions affect every aspect of our lives. These inventions have impacted and changed the way we work, manage, and live. A machine has done all this and more which now exists in almost every household and business. This vital device is the computer In recent years, the technological revolution presents an enormous invention to humanity which is a computer, although, there are many advantages such as remote working or learning, there is a downside also, in this essay, we will elaborate on the importance of the computer
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